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The insanity defense: Public opinion and the public's tendency to implicate mental illness in high-profile crimes |
| Elmore,Scott K.,Psy.D. |
| By: Elmore,Scott K.,Psy.D.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．92 |
| Abstract： |
Media accounts have influenced public opinion about the insanity defense and have given rise to misperceptions about its purpose and rate of usage. This study hypothesizes that the public is more likely to implicate mental illness in irrational crimes and that the more media exposure given to the case,the more likely the public is to implicate mental illness. This study also seeks to establish current public opinion of the utility and prevalence of the insanity defense. The results of this research do not conclusively indicate that amount of media attention can be used to predict the public's tendency to implicate mental illness as a motive for crime,thus,hypothesis one was only partially supported. Meanwhile,hypothesis two,participants will be more likely to implicate mental illness in crime that they perceive to be irrational was not supported by this study. The third hypothesis,participants will be more likely to give a verdict of NGRI if they implicated mental illness as the motive for the crime,was only partially supported by this study. With the ever-growing media attention devoted to implicating mental illness in high-profile crimes,results from this study suggest that the public does not correlate the amount of media attention dedicated to high-profile cases with mental illness. |
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| KeyWord： |
Forensic psychology,Juries,Mass shooting,Media and |
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Influence of theoretical orientation on preferences for describing consumers of mental health services |
| Aldaco-Glass,Christopher,Psy.D. |
| By: Aldaco-Glass,Christopher,Psy.D.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．171 |
| Abstract： |
Psychotherapy is only as effective as the quality of its provider-patient discourse (Poland,1968;Schwartz,2009). It is arguable that,in the practice of psychotherapy,theoretical orientations will encapsulate common understandings of the attitude-intention-behavior process,in order to assist in the promotion and prediction of positive health outcomes;and,that personality traits,and professional and demographic characteristics will similarly influence the kind and quality of the therapeutic relationship. The current research was interested in investigating whether there were meaningful relationships between the language or labels used to describe consumers of mental health services and the primary theoretical orientation of the clinician. This was accomplished through examination of descriptor preference of consumers. Descriptors that were examined varied in terms of personable descriptors (e.g.,the use of a client's initials) versus more traditional labels (e.g.,patient and client abbreviations). Participants indicated preference by selecting descriptor words in case study vignettes in two repeated measures of least and most preferred options. Theoretical orientations surveyed were categorized as action-based (e.g.,CBT,SBT,ABA,and systemic),insight-based (e.g.,psychodynamic and humanistic),and other,which included integrative and crisis-based interventions used in medical environments. Results indicated there were differences in the patterns of most and least preferred,depending on theoretical orientation. Insight-based practitioners demonstrated a greater bias against the use of initials and a bias away from the use of patient,whereas Action-based practitioners most preferred initial descriptors. These findings were in direct contrast to previous health care quality studies on physician provider populations,which,in general,opted for maintaining the use of traditional monikers. Further results indicated trends in term preference and demographic and professional variables. For example,related to Gender,men showed a preference for the term patient,whereas women did not. Additionally,older and more experienced clinicians were less biased against the use of the more traditional client. Findings were explained in terms of the differences in the primary foci of services between mental health and physician providers and in terms of the underlying objective in the training of psychotherapy to cultivate heightened listening skills and sensitivity towards the quality of therapeutic discourse. |
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| KeyWord： |
Client descriptions,Mental health services,Orienta |
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3 |
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Stress and Coping in Undercover Law Enforcement Officers. |
| Preijers,Robert D. |
| By: Preijers,Robert D.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．113 |
| Abstract： |
It has been reported that the law enforcement profession has been considered by many to be one of the most stressful occupations in the world Anshel,2000 & Arter,2008),while the specialty assignment of undercover operations has been reported to be one of the most stressful duty assignments within the law enforcement profession Farkas,1986 & Girodo,1985). Law enforcement officers assigned to undercover operations are subjected to high levels of stress while serving in an undercover role. Prior to being selected for an assignment into an undercover program,some law enforcement agencies require their officers to undergo a selection process,which may consist of psychological testing,a counseling interview,and a review of the test results with a psychologist. This process is also repeated on a periodic basis throughout the officers tenure as an undercover operative. Current research on stress and coping has placed an emphasis on the uniformed law enforcement officers that perform traditional police work Anshel,2000 & Arter,2008). This study compared the impact of stress and the use of coping strategies on a sample of law enforcement officers assigned to a specialty unit undercover) with law enforcement officers who are assigned to patrol. The overall results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups； however,a detailed review of each question reflected that there were some significant differences related to the patrol officers having more stress than Undercover Operators. In addition there were some significant differences related to the Undercover Operators use of maladaptive coping skills. |
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Psychological Impact of Investigating Crimes Against Children. |
| Mak,Cheney. |
| By: Mak,Cheney.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．91 |
| Abstract： |
Law Enforcement Officers LEO) assigned to investigations involving crimes against children are constantly subjected to the viewing of disturbing sexually graphic images of children in print or electronic media. For a law enforcement organization to conduct a psychological / personality screening to identify qualified candidates for this specialty assignment is unusual. It is more typical that investigators are assigned to this position without any screening or have any monitoring of their well being while assigned to this specialized work. Perez,Jones,Englert,Sachaus 2010) study demonstrated that personnel who investigate Internet child pornography cases show a substantial decrease in psychological well-being. Greater exposure to disturbing media was related to higher levels of secondary traumatic stress disorder STSD) and cynicism Perez,Jones,Englert,& Daniel,2010). This research examined the psychological impact on LEOs who were exposed to these graphic images while conducting these types of investigations. A comparative study was conducted between 54 crimes against children investigators CACI) and 43 patrol officers PO). The Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis for non-parametric data was conducted which identified that CACIs reported the events at work negatively affected them more than the POs,x21,N-95)＝4.983,p＝.026. The study did not find any significant difference in how CACIs and POs coped with stress. |
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Pornography use and its effects on men and women. |
| Zanutto,Lauren Nicole. |
| By: Zanutto,Lauren Nicole.．Ph.D.． Alliant International University．2015．85 |
| Abstract： |
This study investigated the effects of pornography and its effects on both men and women who view the explicit material. More specifically,this study was conducted to find out if there is a relationship between viewing pornography and an increase in aggression,hostility and degradation towards females in both men and women. While prior research regarding the effects of pornography is available,it is broad and very few studies include the female population. Both men and women above the age of eighteen were included in the study,divided into gender categories as well those who view pornography and those who do not. All participants completed the Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression AMMSA) assessment tool,a self-report measure of their pornography use and a demographics questionnaire. It was hypothesized that as the volume of pornography watched by males increases based,so will their level of aggressive physical and verbal behavior towards females； this hypothesis was supported by the data F＝ 14.245,p＝ ns). It was further hypothesized that Regardless of age or level of education obtained,men who watch pornography will evidence more aggression and negative attitudes towards females than females who view pornography. This hypothesis was supported in that significant interaction between genders and levels of aggression were demonstrated F＝ 15.804,p＝ ns). Hypothesis three stated that both men and women with higher education who report watching pornography will have a lower aggression score than those with lower education and report viewing pornography. Significance was found between education levels and levels of aggression which supports this F＝ 10.451,p＜ .001). Finally,it was hypothesized that women under thirty years of age will evidence a lower aggression score towards females than females over the age of thirty. The results did not demonstrate statistically significant difference between women under thirty and women over thirty in their aggression scores t＝.321,p＝ ns). The results of the current study suggest that viewing pornography does increase aggression,hostility and degradation towards females in both men and women. |
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International Identity Development and Mental Health in the International Culturally Identified Community. |
| Eijsermans,Brandi N. |
| By: Eijsermans,Brandi N.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．223 |
| Abstract： |
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the international identity development with people who have experienced living in another country. The central research question is how international living impacts identity development and mental health needs. The population studies individuals who identify with the global community regardless of country of origin,residence,citizenship,nationality,or other diversity features through living in another country. The research design is qualitative using a grounded theory approach. Data collection included semi-structured interviews conducted in-person or via online interface and surveys for descriptive purposes. Data analysis was performed through the Constant Comparative Method. This study intends to add to the knowledge within social and cultural psychology of the identity of individuals living internationally,their experience of this lifestyle and the mental health challenges they may experience. People living internationally have varied levels of cultural integration,personally and interpersonally,making this population vulnerable to isolation and lack of support services in this transition. Knowledge of this population is essential to providing adequate care and mental health services in support of international lifestyle and identity development. |
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| KeyWord： |
Culture,Social Psychology,Internationalism,Global |
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7 |
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The presence and relationship of depression,anxiety/panic disorder,and PTSD among adults who were physically and/or sexually abused as children. |
| Pfeiffer,Matthew D. |
| By: Pfeiffer,Matthew D.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．90 |
| Abstract： |
In the United States,children are at higher risk for developing symptoms of depression,anxiety/panic disorder and PTSD in adulthood if childhood familial sexual and/or physical abuse is present. This study explores archival data collected via the Add Health National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study began with an inschool questionnaire and was administered to a nationally representative sample of students in grades 7 -- 12. The study then followed up with a series of in-home interviews that were conducted in 1994 -- 1995,1996,2001 -- 2002,and 2007 -- 2008. For the purpose of this study,only Wave IV data will be studied； this consists of the age demographic 24 -- 32 years of age. The purpose of this project is to show the difference and level of increased likelihood to which children who experience childhood physical and/or sexual abuse will have higher occurrences of depression,anxiety/panic disorder,and PTSD as adults than adults who did not experience childhood abuse. Childhood physical and sexual abuse are measured by Yes or NO,it has or has not happened before the age of 18. Depression,Anxiety,and PTSD are measured by Yes or NO,a doctor/healthcare provider has or has not told you that you have this disorder on or after age 18. Rates of diagnosed psychopathology,specifically depression,anxiety,and PTSD,significantly increased across all groups when childhood abuse is present. Results were analyzed by looking at participants with only childhood physical abuse present,with only childhood sexual abuse present,and with combined childhood physical and sexual abuse present. When only sexual abuse is present or when only physical abuse is present,each significantly predict all measured psychopathologies over and above the control group for both men and women. With some exceptions for men,statistical significance is also true with combined childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. Logistic regressions show that for men,when both sexual and physical abuses are present,psychopathology diagnoses are still significantly higher than the control group. However,the presence of sexual abuse with physical abuse does not significantly predict depression,anxiety,or PTSD over and above the control group,only the physical abuse does. However,with men,sexual abuse alone predicts,in all instances,statistically significant higher rates of all measured psychopathologies than the control group. This was not true of women. When both sexual and physical abuses are present in women,sexual abuse and physical abuse significantly predict depression,anxiety,and PTSD over and above the control group. The results of this study show that individuals who report being abused as children are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with depression,anxiety,and PTSD. Because of the increased likelihood,clinicians should be aware and well-informed of their clients history to better deliver the psychological services needed around these past traumas and presenting psychopathologies. |
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Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of body image dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors in gay men: A pilot study. |
| Walloch,Joseph Christ. |
| By: Walloch,Joseph Christ.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．206 |
| Abstract： |
Research indicates that many gay men experience more frequent and severe body image dissatisfaction,than straight males,which often results in higher levels of disturbances in dieting Andersen,1999； Hospers & Jansen,2005； Levesque & Vichesky,2006； Tylka & Andorka,2012). Much of the current research in the field regarding interventions and treatment of eating pathology involves women. Due to the paucity of treatment outcome research targeting gay males with these struggles,this pilot dissertation study evaluated the effectiveness of a 1-day workshop intervention employing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT) for adult gay men who struggle with body image dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors. The goals of this pilot intervention were to reduce preoccupation with body image and diet and to broaden these mens lives by improving overall psychological flexibility. Twenty-four racially diverse gay men between the ages of 22 and 40 with a mean age of 28) were recruited from the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. Participants completed several outcome and process of change measures prior to starting the intervention,immediately following the workshop,and at the 1-month follow-up. It was hypothesized that the ACT workshop intervention would decrease body image dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors,while also improving psychological flexibility. Results from the linear mixed-effects regression models revealed that there were overall significant decreases over time in preoccupation in body image dissatisfaction,disordered eating symptomatology,thought suppression,and experiential avoidance. It was also predicted that changes in body image dissatisfaction,maladaptive eating attitudes,and behaviors would be affected by process of change variables of psychological flexibility,as covariates,over time. Results from the conditional change mixed-effects model revealed a significant overall relationship between thought suppression,general experiential acceptance,body image acceptance,and body image dissatisfaction,in addition to a significant relationship between these variables of psychological flexibility and disordered eating symptomatology. Results of this pilot study provide preliminary evidence that an ACT workshop may be effective for treating gay men who struggle with body image dissatisfaction and maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors. |
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Assessment of Public Officials' Perception of the Seriousness of a Posed Threat. |
| Kane,Maura. |
| By: Kane,Maura.．Psy.D.． Alliant International University．2015．74 |
| Abstract： |
There is a lack of research regarding public officials' abilities to accurately perceive the seriousness of a posed threat,as well as what factors may be used in their perception of a threat. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of public officials' perceptions of a posed threat and threat factors. A survey consisting of three separate threat level vignettes (high,medium,low) was distributed to a variety of California public officials. The responding officials consisted of City Attorneys,City Managers,Assistant City Managers,City Council Members,City Clerks,and a Mayor's Chief of Staff. An ANOVA and Chi-Square test were conducted and revealed the participants were significantly accurate in assessing the correct threat level of a posed threat,only incorrectly identifying one vignette as a higher threat level. Participants correctly identified up to 77% of the correct threat factors on two vignettes； however,only correctly identified 12% of correct factors on the third vignette. This research suggests that although public officials are fairly accurate in their assessments,it would be to their benefit to undergo further training and education in the realm of threat assessment. It is the belief that with the expansion of public officials' knowledge of threat assessment,the correct authorities will be notified sooner,leading to the prevention of further serious attacks on public officials. |
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